"Enhancing Knowledge and Skills in Control and Coordination for CBSE Class 10 Science"
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Chapter 6 - Control and Coordination
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All the living organisms respond and react to changes in the environment around them.
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The changes in the environment to which the organisms respond and react are called stimuli such as light, heat, cold, sound, smell, touch etc.
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Both plants and animals respond to stimuli but in a different manner
Control and Coordination in Animals
It is brought about in all animals with the help of two main systems
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Nervous system
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Endocrine system
Nervous System
In animals including humans, the nervous system along with muscular tissue is the control center of the body.
It consists of highly specialized cells called neurons, nerves and neural organs that link, coordinate and control the activities of different organs in the body. Information from environment is detected through receptors, present in sense organs such as inner ear, nose, tongue, etc.
In animals, nervous system is comprised of nervous tissue which have specialized cells called neurons or nerve cells. These nerve cells help in responding to external stimuli.
Control and Coordination in Animals
It is the structural and functional unit of nervous system
Parts of Neuron
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Dendrite: Acquires information.
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Cell body: Acquired information travels as an electrical impulse.
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Axon: Longest fiber on the cell body is called axon. It transmits electrical impulse from cell body to dendrite of next neuron.
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Nerve ending: these are the fine branch like termination of neurons.
Synapse
It is the gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and dendrite of the other neuron. Here electrical signal is converted into chemical signal for onward transmission.
Reflex action
Reflex action is quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to a stimulus. E.g., Knee jerk, withdrawal of hand on touching hot object.
Parts of Neuron
The pathway through which nerve impulses pass during reflex action is called reflex arc.
Response
Responses are of three main types:
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Voluntary- Controlled by fore brain. E.g., talking, writing.
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Involuntary- Controlled by mid and hind brain. E.g., heartbeat, vomiting, respiration.
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Reflex action- Controlled by spinal cord. E.g., withdrawal of hand on touching a hot object.
Parts of Human Nervous System
Human nervous system consists of two main parts:
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Central Nervous System (CNS) consisting of brain and spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord receive information from all parts of the body and integrate it.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) having two components: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary peripheral nervous system is under the control of will and consists of nerves that arise from brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves). Through the nerves, the nervous system communicates with the muscles. Involuntary peripheral nervous system or autonomic nervous system (ANS) is made up of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Though connected with the CNS, it works independently and regulates involuntary activities of the body like heart beat and peristaltic movements of alimentary canal.
Human brain
Brain is the main coordinating center of the body. It has three major parts:
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Fore-brain
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Mid-brain
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Hind-brain
Fore brain
It is the most complex or specialized part of the brain. It consists of cerebrum.
Functions:
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Thinking part of the brain.
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Control the voluntary actions.
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Store information (Memory).
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Receives sensory impulses from various parts of the body and integrate it.
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Centre associated with hunger.
Mod brain
Controls involuntary actions such as:
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Change in pupil size.
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Reflex movements of head, neck and trunk.
Hind brain
It has three parts
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Cerebellum: Controls posture and balance. Precision of voluntary actions e.g., picking pen.
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Medulla: Controls involuntary actions e.g., blood pressure, salivation, vomiting.
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Pons: Involuntary actions, regulation of respiration.
Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord
Brain
Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts as shock absorber and is enclosed in cranium (skull or brain box).
Spinal Cord
Spinal cord is enclosed in vertebral column.
Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue
Limitations of Electric communication/Nervous system
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Electric impulse will reach only to those cells that are connected by nervous tissue.
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After generation and transmission of an electrical impulse, the cell takes some time to reset its mechanism before transmitting another impulse. So, cells cannot continually create and transmit impulse.
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Plants do not have any nervous system.
Chemical communication
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To overcome the limitations of electric communication
COORDINATION IN PLANTS
Movements in plants:
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Independent of growth
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Dependent on growth
Independent of growth
Immediate response to stimulus.
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Plants use electrical-chemical means to convey information from cell to cell.
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For movement to happen, cells change their shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking of cells.
E.g., Drooping of leaves of ‘Touch-me-not’ plant on touching it.
Dependent on growth
These movements are tropic movements i.e., directional movements in response to stimulus.
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Tendrils: The part of tendril away from the object grows more rapidly as compared to the part near the object. This causes circulating of tendril around the object.
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Phototropism: Movement towards light.
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Geotropism: Movement towards/away from gravity.
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Chemotropism: Growth of pollen tube towards ovule.
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Hydrotropism: Movement towards water
Plant Hormones
Are chemical compounds which help to coordinate growth, development and responses to the environment.
Main plant hormones are:
Auxin:
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Synthesized at shoot tip
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Helps the cells to grow longer
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Involved in phototropism
Gibberellin:
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Helps in the growth of the stem
Cytokinins:
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Promotes cell division
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Present in greater concentration in fruits and seeds
Abscisic Acid:
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Inhibits growth
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Cause wilting of leaves
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Stress hormone
Hormones in Animals
Hormones:
Hormones are the chemical substances which coordinate the activities of living organisms and also their growth.
Endocrine glands:
These glands secrete their product (hormone) into the blood
Some important hormones and their functions
Iodised salt is necessary because iodine mineral is essential part of thyroxine hormone secreted by thyroid gland. Thyroxine regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. So, we must consume iodised salt which is necessary for proper working of thyroid gland. Its deficiency causes a disease called goiter (Swollen neck).
Disease in which blood sugar level increase.
Cause: Due to the deficiency of insulin hormone secreted by pancreas that is responsible to control blood sugar levels.
Treatment: Injections of insulin hormone.
Feedback Mechanism
The excess or deficiency of hormones has a harmful effect on our body. Feedback mechanism makes sure that hormones should be secreted in precise quantity and at right time.
E.g., Feedback mechanism to control the sugar level in blood is as follows:
